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Opis: Penguin Books 1971, str. 304 stan db+ ( podniszczona lekko okładka, zakurzona, pieczątki po biblioteczne) Thermodynamics is an essential part of any study of the properties of matter This text sets out clearly the breadth of the subject and its general applicability, presenting it as a study in its own right, but relating it at the same time to the microscopic properties of materials. The authors also demonstrate the fundamental physical significance behind the mathematical relationships which make up such a large part of this subject. Part One sets out the principles of thermodynamics and the major laws, looking at the important functions and their relationships. Part Two is devoted to kinetic theory, and surveys solids, liquids and gases, radiation and specific heats. Part Three covers the applications of thermodynamics, taking in a wide range of topics, from the liquefaction of gases through low-temperature physics to radiation, while Part Four discusses the practical measurement of heat, temperature and thermal conductivity. There are three appendixes and a full list of further reading. Editorial Foreword 13 Preface 15 Part One Principles of Thermodynamics 17 1 The Description of Matter in Bulk 19 2 The Zeroth Law and Temperature 21 2.1 Thermal equilibrium 21 2.2 The zeroth law of thermodynamics 22 3 The First Law 24 3.1 Work and energy 24 3.2 Forms of work 25 3.3 Internal energy 28 3.4 Heat 28 3.5 The first law of thermodynamics 29 3.6 The inexact differential 30 4 The Second Law 32 4.1 Reversible and irreversible processes 32 4.2 Entropy 35 4.3 Stages in the Carnot reversible cycle 36 4.4 A thermodynamic scale of temperature 40 4.5 The quantity Q/T 42 4.6 Properties of entropy 45 4.7 Entropy, probability and disorder 50 4.8 The combined first and second laws 53 4.9 Caratheodory's principle 54 4.10 Calculation of change in entropy 55 5 The Third Law 57 5.1 Behaviour of matter at low temperatures 57 5.2 The unattainability of absolute zero 60 6 Thermodynamic Functions and Their Relationships 62 6.1 Mathematical techniques 62 6.2 Thermodynamic functions 63 6.3 Maxwell's thermodynamic equations 66 6.4 Examples of the application of Maxwell's equations 68 6.5 The TdS equations 72 6.6 Examples of the application of the thermodynamic method 73 Part Two Kinetic Theory 79 7 Description of Solids, Liquids and Gases 81 7.1 The atomic view of matter 81 7.2 The microscopic description of a solid 82 7.3 The response of a solid to external stimuli 84 7.4 The atomic description of a liquid 86 7.5 The atomic description of a gas 87 8 Elementary Kinetic Theory of Gases 89 8.1 The ideal gas 89 8.2 Pressure exerted by gas molecules 90 8.3 Equipartition of energy 94 8.4 Maxwell's velocity distribution 96 8.5 The mean free path 105 8.6 Knudsen's cosine law 107 9 Kinetic Theory of Radiation 112 9.1 The nature of thermal radiation 112 9.2 Number of modes of vibration in an enclosure 113 9.3 The energy per mode: classical 115 9.4 Wien's displacement law 116 9.5 The energy per mode: Planck's quantum hypothesis 117 10 Kinetic Theory of Specific Heats 122 10.1 Ideal gases 122 10.2 The diatomic gas 122 10.3 Solids 124 Part Three Applications of Thermodynamics 133 11 Real and Ideal Gases 135 11.1 The perfect gas 135 11.2 Specific heat of an ideal gas 135 11.3 Expansion of an ideal gas 138 11.4 The ideal gas and the Carnot cycle 141 11.5 Thermodynamic functions of an ideal gas 144 11.6 Real gases 149 11.7 Equations of state 154 12 Change of Phase 159 12.1 Types of phase transition 159 12.2 The Gibbs phase rule 160 12.3 First-and second-order transitions 160 12.4 The thermodynamics of first-order phase transitions 162 13 Liquefaction of Gases 170 13.1 Methods of producing liquefaction 170 13.2 The Joule-Kelvin effect 170 13.3 The Linde process 175 13.4 The cascade process 176 13.5 The Claude process 176 13.6 The Stirling cycle 178 14 Magnetic and Dielectric Materials 179 14.1 Energy of magnetization 179 14.2 Paramagnetic materials 180 14.3 The magnetocaloric effect 182 14.4 The ferromagnetic transition 182 14.5 Dielectric materials 184 14.6 Ferroelectricity 186 15 Low-Temperature Physics 190 15.1 Matter at low temperatures 190 15.2 The production of low temperatures 190 15.3 Consequence of the third law 197 15.4 Liquid helium 200 15.5 Superconductivity 202 16 The Voltaic Cell 209 16.1 The source of electromotive force 209 16.2 The magnitude of the electromotive force 210 17 Thermoelectricity 212 17.1 The thermocouple 212 17.2 The thermoelectric equations 214 17.3 Practical thermocouples 217 18 Radiation 218 18.1 Black-body radiation 218 18.2 Kirchhoff's law 220 18.3 Stefan's law 221 18.4 Adiabatic expansion of radiation 222 19 The Chemical Potential 223 19.1 Chemical equilibrium 223 19.2 The chemical potential and the Gibbs function 226 19.3 Chemical potential for a perfect gas 227 19.4 Osmosis 227 19.5 The Fermi level in metals 229 Part Four Thermal Measurements 231 20 Temperature Scales 233 i 20.1 Practical thermometry 233 20.2 The gas scale 235 20.3 The International Practical Temperature Scale 237 20.4 Temperature measurement below 13-81 K 239 20.5 Pyrometry 244 21 Quantities of Heat 249 21.1 The unit of heat 249 21.2 The measurement of the specific heat of water 250 21.3 The specific heats of liquids 254 21.4 The specific heats of solids 256 21.5 Latent heat of fusion 260 21.6 Latent heat of vaporization 260 21.7 The specific heats of gases 262^ 21.8 Techniques of thermal analysis 266 22 Radiation and Radiation Detection 267 22.1 The transfer of heat by radiation 267 22.2 The determination of Stefan's constant 268 22.3 Infrared spectroscopy 271 22.4 Infrared detectors 272 23 Thermal conductivity 275 23.1 The conduction equation 275 23.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity 277 23.3 Heat-flow equations 279 23.4 General equation of heat flow along a bar 282 Appendix A 289 Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Appendix B 291 Loss of Available Work Appendix C 293 Equivalence of Nernst-Simon and Unattainability Statements of the Third Law Further Reading 295 Index 297 |
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